Dc Circuit Fundamentals And Resistive Networks

Fundamental electrical quantities, charge conservation, current as charge flow rate (i = dq/dt), voltage potential difference (v = dw/dq), instantaneous and average power (p = vi), energy calculations, and the passive sign convention.

Ideal and practical voltage and current sources, constant and time-varying excitation, classification of controlled sources (VCVS, VCCS, CCVS, CCCS), controlling variables, and transfer parameters.

Effect of temperature on conductors, semiconductors, and insulators, temperature coefficient of resistance (alpha), resistance calculations at varying operating temperatures, and practical engineering implications.

Equivalent resistance derivations for series and parallel networks, voltage divider rule (VDR), current divider rule (CDR), conductance summing, and open/short circuit boundary conditions.

Real voltage source model with internal resistance, real current source model with parallel resistance, Thevenin-Norton source equivalence, and source transformation techniques for independent and controlled sources.

Kirchhoff's Current Law (conservation of charge at nodes), Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (conservation of energy in closed loops), branch equations, sign conventions, and supernode/supermesh foundations.